English: The World of Science
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Discussion and Conclusion
Usually no citations, 200 to 250 words.
- Inform about the main objectives and results
- Indicate text structure
- Objectives
- Material and methods
- Results
- Conclusions
- Background information (present tense)
- Purpose of study (present / past tense)
- Method used (past tense)
- Results (past tense)
- Conclusions and discussion (present tense, tentative verbs, modal auxiliaries, future)
Between 10% and 20% of the core text.
- Provides information about the context
- Indicates motivation for the article
- Defines focus, research question
- Explains text structure
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Move 1: Establish a research territory and claiming centrality: Whats your field and why?
- by showing that the general research area is important, central, interesting
- by introducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area
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Move 2: Establish a niche: Claiming a gap
- by indicating a gap in the previous research or by extending previous knowledge in some way
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Move 3: Occupying the niche: How do you intend to fill the gap in research?
- by outlining purpose or stating the nature of the present research
- by listing research questions or hypothese
- by announcing principal findings
- by stating the value of the present research
- by indicating the structure of the paper
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Move 4: Unpacking your stuff: Explaining how your work is organized
- by indicating which sections you are using and what you achieve in each
- describe the material used in the study
- explain how the materials were prepared for the study
- describe the research protocol
- explain how measurements were made and what calculations were performed
- state which statistical tests were done to analyze the data.
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Preparatory information
- provides relevant information for the presentation of results. This move is optional.
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Reporting results
- The results of a study are presented, normally with relevant evidence such as statistics and examples. This move is compulsory.
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Commenting on results
- Establishes the meaning and significance of the research results in relation to the relevant field. This move includes information and interpretations that go beyond the ‘objective’ results. This move is also compulsory.
- Recommendations for future research
- Possible explanations for or speculations about the findings
- Limitations of the study
- Implications of the study
- Reference to the main purpose or hypothesis of the study
- A review of the most important findings, whether they support the original hypothesis, and whether they agree with the findings of other researchers
- Apposition
- Numbering
- Purpose
- Addition
- Contrast, concession
- Cause, result
- Example
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Hedging
- “should”
- subjunctive form
- gerund form
- Passive voice
- Formal
- Citing sources
- Fact-based
- Objective
- Use of visuals
Plagiarism means taking ideas or words from a source without giving credit to the author.
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Summary and citation
- Smith (2019) claims that the modern state wields power in new ways.
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Quotation and citation
- According to Smith: ‘The point is not that the state is in retreat but that it is developing new forms of power . . .’ (Smith, 2019: 103).
An argumentative essay contains five key elements:
- An explanation of the issue
- A clear thesis statement
- A summary of the opposing arguments
- Rebuttals to the opposing arguments
- Your own arguments
A thesis statement is one sentence that expresses the main idea of a research paper or essay, such as an expository essay or argumentative essay. It makes a claim, directly answering a question.
Note that a thesis statement often mentions the opposing point of view. The writer’s opinion is expressed in the independent clause, and the opposing point of view is normally put into a subordinate clause.
- Usually the last sentence of the introductory paragraph.
- Directly related to the essay question.
- Your argument in a nutshell.
- Opposing view 1 and rebuttal
- Opposing view 2 and rebuttal
- Your own conclusion